大理州“红阳”猕猴桃真菌性枝干的发生与病原鉴定

以大理州"红阳"猕猴桃枝干为试材,采用田间调查法调查病原菌对其危害状况,对采集的10份病样采用常规组织分离法分离病原,单孢纯化法获得病原菌,采用形态和分子法鉴定病原种类,以期明确大理州"红阳"猕猴桃枝干病害的发生状况及危害病原。结果表明:大理州"红阳"猕猴桃枝干病害发生严重,病株率高达69.6%,5个采样点共分离得到15个菌株,其中以链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、厚坦镰刀菌(Fusarium chlamydosporum)、小新壳梭孢菌(Neofusicoccum parvum)和间座壳属中一种(Diaporthe bohemiae)共4类病原菌出现频率最高,是优势种,分离率分别为55.6%、52.4%、49.8%和50.1%。利用柯赫氏法则对分离所得的所有菌株进行致病性测定,证实了优势菌株对猕猴桃茎杆的致病性,进一步明确了引起大理州猕猴桃茎杆的病原真菌。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化研究

从我国玉米品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有广泛血缘代表性的自交系,即沈137,78599-1,Mo17,478,C8605-2,E28,598,Va35,K12,作为玉米灰斑病菌的生理分化鉴别寄主;8个主栽品种,即沈试29,沈试31,铁单9,掖单13,丹413,丹玉18,沈农87,东单54,作为辅助鉴别寄主,从而确定了玉米灰斑病菌生理分化鉴别寄主体系。采用田间成株期鉴定,高粱粒灌心法进行接种,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自北方玉米主产区的23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型。研究表明,我国玉米灰斑病菌存在一定程度的致病性分化,通过病级评价可将23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型I为强致病类型,致病类型IV为弱致病类型,Ⅱ,Ⅲ2组致病类型介于两者之间,而致病类型V属于不确定类型。研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、灰斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

The Exploitation of Crop Allelopathy in Sustainable Agricultural Production

Crop allelopathy may be useful to minimize serious problems in the present agricultural production such as environmental pollution, unsafe products, human health concerns, depletion of crop diversity, soil sickness and reduction of crop productivity. Several crops including alfalfa, buckwheat, maize, rice, rye, sorghum, sunflower, wheat, etc. are affected either by their own toxicity or phytotoxin exudates when their residues decompose in the soil, that show strong suppression on weed emergences. Allelopathic crops when used as cover crop, mulch, smother crops, green manures, or grown in rotational sequences are helpful in reducing noxious weeds and plant pathogen, improve soil quality and crop yield. Those crop plants, particularly the legumes, incorporated at 1–2 tons ha⁻¹ (alfalfa, buckwheat, rice by-products), which can give weed reduction and increase of rice yield by 70 and 20 %, respectively, are suggested for use as natural herbicides. Allelochemicals from allelopathic crops may aid in the development of biological herbicides and pesticides. Cultivating a system with allelopathic crops plays an important role in the establishment of sustainable agriculture. The introduction of allelopathic traits from accessions with strong allelopathic potential to the target crops will enhance the efficacy of crop allelopathy in future agricultural production.     

Exploiting natural genetic diversity and mutant resources of Arabidopsis thaliana to study the A. thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Clubroot, caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron., is one of the most damaging diseases of Brassica crops in the world. Because the pathogen can infect all the Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana, possible advantages have been found by identifying sources of resistance to P. brassicae in this model plant. Fifty‐seven ecotypes of A. thaliana, including the INRA Arabidopsis core collection, were assessed for resistance to clubroot disease. Ecotypes Burren (Bur‐0), Tsu (Tsu‐0) and Kaunas (Kn − 0) were identified as partially resistant to P. brassicae isolates eH and/or Ms6. Fifteen Arabidopsis mutant lines known for certain physiological processes potentially involved in the host‐pathogen interaction were evaluated for their resistance/susceptibility to P. brassicae. Mutant axr3‐1 appeared to be less susceptible than the wild type Columbia, supporting the hypothesis of the involvement of the auxin pathway in the development of clubs.     

一起仔猪水肿病的诊断与治疗

通过对湖南省新化县某养猪场的40 kg以下的发病仔猪进行临床症状观察、病理剖检和实验室诊断,确诊为仔猪水肿病.通过采用肌肉注射强力水肿灵进行治疗,并对易感猪群肌注仔猪水肿病三价灭活疫苗进行紧接免疫接种,有效控制了病情.     

环介导恒温扩增技术在动物病原检测中的应用

环介导恒温扩增技术(LAMP)是一种新型核酸扩增技术,是依赖于靶目标上6个区域的4条引物和一种具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶Bst的作用,在60 ℃～65 ℃恒温条件下1 h之内即可完成的基因扩增技术.该技术虽然起步较晚,但发展迅速,目前在很多领域的研究和应用已经取得很大进展.论文从技术原理、引物设计、反应机制和特点等方面了介绍了环介导恒温扩增技术,并就该技术在动物细菌性病原微生物、病毒和寄生虫检测中的应用做了介绍.     

安徽部分地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验

为了调查安徽地区奶牛乳房炎流行情况和筛选病原菌敏感药物.采集了安徽省奶牛主要养殖区的隐性乳房炎奶样,分离、鉴定了主要病原菌,并筛选了敏感药物.结果表明,乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和无乳链球菌,且2种或2种以上病原菌混合感染占大部分,这些主要病原菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、头孢曲松钠和卡那霉素等抗菌药物高度敏感,为奶牛乳房炎的治疗药物的选择提供了直接依据.     

Association of BoLA-DRB3 alleles identified by a sequence-based typing method with mastitis pathogens in Japanese Holstein cows

The association of the polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen ( BoLA-DRB3 ) genes identified by the polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT) method with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis caused by pathogenic bacteria was investigated. Blood samples for DNA extraction were collected from 194 Holstein cows (41 healthy cows and 153 mastitis cows including 24 mixed-infection cows infected with 2 or 3 species of pathogens) from 5 districts of Chiba prefecture, Japan. Sixteen BoLA-DRB3 alleles were detected. The 4 main alleles of DRB3*0101 , *1501 , *1201 , and *1101 constituted 56.8% of the total number of alleles detected. Mastitis cows were divided into 2 groups: group 1 with single-infection cows and group 2 with all mastitis cows including 24 mixed-infection cows. The differences in the frequencies of BoLA-DRB3 alleles and the number of cows homozygous or heterozygous for each BoLA-DRB3 allele between healthy cows and the 2 groups of mastitis cows were evaluated. Furthermore, similar comparisons were performed between healthy cows and the 2 groups of mastitis cows for each mastitis pathogen. It was considered that the 4 alleles, namely, DRB3*0101 , *1501 , *1201 , and *1101 had specific resistance and susceptibility to 4 different mastitis pathogens. Thus, DRB3*0101 might be associated with susceptibility to coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli , and DRB3*1501 might be associated with susceptibility to Escherichia coli . However, DRB3*1101 might be associated with resistance to Streptococci and coagulase-negative Staphylococci , and DRB3*1201 , with resistance to Streptococci , Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus aureus .     

猪李氏杆菌病的病原分离鉴定与药敏试验

为确诊发生脑膜炎的死亡仔猪病例,对病原进行了分离鉴定和筛选敏感药物试验。采用分离培养、染色镜检与纯培养、动物试验、生化试验等方法分离鉴定病原,并用纸片扩散法筛选敏感药物。试验结果表明,分离菌的生化特性、培养特性、溶血性等符合单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌的病原特性,确诊为猪李氏杆菌病;分离菌株对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢噻呋、万古霉素、四环素高度敏感;对土霉素、多黏菌素、磺胺类药物、新霉素耐药。     

荸荠秆枯病菌生物学性状研究

荸荠秆枯菌（ＣｙｌｉｎｄｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｅｌｅｏｃｈａｒｉｄｉｓＬｅｎｔｚ）生长发育温度８～３５℃，最适于菌丝体生长、产孢的温度为２５～３０℃，２０～２８℃孢子萌芽率较高。致死温度４６℃１０ｍｉｎ。病菌在ＲＨ７５％以上生长良好，其产孢量则随湿度升高而增加。ＲＨ８１％以上孢子可以发芽，饱和湿度再加水滴时发芽率最高。ＰＨ４．５０～９．１３均较适于病菌生长，产孢量则以在ＰＨ６．９４～９．１３时较多，ＰＨ４．２０～７．６０较适宜孢子发芽。连续黑光灯照射有促进孢子形成和菌丝体旺盛生长的作用。此菌对多种单糖、双糖和多糖都能利用，以蜜二糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖等产孢量较多。适于病菌生长和产孢的氮源是甘氨酸、ＤＬ－α－氨基丙酸和氨基乙酸，脲素较差。